What is the chemical formula for glucose?

The chemical equation for respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water

The key points:

Glucose stores the sun's energy in chemical form.
Adenosine triphosphate - ATP the molecule organisms can actually use for energy.
Respiration the breaking down of pyruvic acid using molecular oxygen.
Glycolysis

Splits the 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules. This process is anaerobic, not requiring the presence of molecular oxygen.

At this point, there are three possibilities:

1. Aerobic respiration -
   1. The Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle , produces 2 ATP molecules, 10 carrier molecules, and CO₂ from each glucose molecule.
   2. The Electron Transport Chain then produces 34 ATP molecules and H₂O from the carrier molecules.

      	The bulk of a cell's ATP must be produced in the mitochondria. To be energy efficient, particles must move through the membrane with little energy expense.
      	Electron transport produces an uneven charge on the mitochondria membrane. This allows protons to move through the membrane by electrical charge attraction.
      	Protons now move through the membrane and are used by ATP synthase enzyme to make ATP.

2. Lactic acid fermentation - Occurs in animal cells due to a lack of oxygen, causing muscle soreness as lactic acid builds up. While no ATP is produced, a carrier compound is produced, allowing glycolysis to continue.
3. Alcoholic fermentation - Occurs in some plants and unicellular organisms. The process converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and a carrier compound, which allows glycolysis to continue.

Comparing energy yield:

• Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) can produce 36 to 38 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.
• Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) only allows glycolysis to continue which produces 2 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.
• Therefore, aerobic respiration is some 19 times as efficient as anaerobic respiration.

Day 4 Assignment - Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
This assignment must be turned in by the end of class today to receive credit.
Scoring criteria

Honors biology : Only complete section below labeled honors

1. Study this website about ATP. Write a paragraph explaining why the three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule are the key to ATP being used for cellular energy.
2. Write a paragraph explaining what happens when lactic acid builds up in muscles?
3. How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of pyruvic acid?
4. What does the term "anerobic" mean?
5. What does the term "aerobic" mean?
6. How many ATP are produced during Glycolysis?
7. How many ATP are produced during the Kreb Cycle?
8. How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain located in the Mitochondria?
9. How many ATP are produced during Aerobic respiration?
10. How many ATP are produced during Anaerobic respiration?
11. Draw a diagram showing the process of cellular respiration in a cell (identify locations & label all parts).
12. In your words discuss why cellular respiration is so important to living organisms.

Honors biology : Visit this link on Cellular Respiration

1. Read through each of the concepts (1-6) along with the reviews.
2. Complete each of the practice items in each concept print out practice 1,5, and 6.
3. Complete the self-quiz. After your first attempt print the quiz out and highlight any questions missed.
4. Go back and review the questions you missed. Beside each missed question identify (write in) where in the concepts the correct answer can be found and the correct answer(be specific).
5. Staple practice items and quiz together for class.

  Research Links:

• Lactic Acid - Web MD
• Lactic Acid - University of Minnesota
• Flow of Energy in Cells - Carroll College
• Energy Production in Cells - Carroll College
• Metabolism - University of Arizona
• Cellular Respiration & Fermentation - sclinks from NSTA
• Overview of Cellular Respiration with animations - The Biology Corner

The chemical formula for a glucose molecule is C₆H₁₂O₆